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,
Hungary near the village of
Rumenka, close to
Novi Sad, SerbiaThe
Pannonian Plain is a large
plain in
Central Europe that remained when the
Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. It is a geomorphology subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system.
The river
Danube divides the plain roughly in half. The plain consists mainly of the
Great Hungarian Plain (in the south and east) and the Little Hungarian Plain (in the northwest).
Terminology
Pannonian Plain is part of the somewhat larger geographical area referred to as the
Carpathian Basin (especially in Hungarian texts) or
Pannonian Basin (in South Slavic texts).
The name
Pannonian Plain can also refer to Serbian
Панонска низија, Panonska nizija, Croatian language
Panonska nizina and slovenian language
Panonska nižina, which are the traditional names for the lowland part of the Pannonian Basin in Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia.
Pannonian Plain in some sources is also used as a synonym of the Great Hungarian Plain.
Characteristics
The plain is roughly bounded by the
Carpathian mountains, the
Alps, the Dinaric Alps and the
Balkan mountains.
Although rain is not plentiful, it usually falls when necessary and the plain is a major agriculture area; it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy loess soil could feed the whole of Europe. For its early settlers, the plain offered few sources of metals or stone. Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert, copper or gold, they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade.
History
Pannonian Sea
Main article: Pannonian Sea
The precursor to the present plain was a shallow sea that reached its greatest extent during the Pliocene, when three to four kilometres of sediments were deposited.
History of the plain
The plain was named after the
Pannonians, a northern Illyrians tribe. Various different peoples inhabited the plain during the history. In the first century BC, the eastern parts of the plain belonged to Dacian state, and in the first century AD its western parts were included into
Roman Empire. The Roman province named
Pannonia was established in the area, and the city of Sirmium became one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire in the 3rd century.
In the
Age of Migrations and the early
Middle Ages, the region belonged to several realms such as the
Huns, the
Gepids, the Ostrogoths, the Lombards, the
Eurasian Avars, the Slavic state of Samo, the
Bulgarian Empire, the Franks, the
Great Moravia, the Balaton Principality, and the Pannonian Croatia.
The Kingdom of Hungary established in 1000 by the Magyars was centered around the plain and included almost all of it (as did the former Avar Kingdom as well). After the
Battle of Mohács in 1526 the central and eastern parts of the plain were included into Ottoman Empire, and the remains of the Kingdom of Hungary in the north-west joined the Habsburg Monarchy, where they were called
Royal Hungary. The administrative units of the Ottoman Empire organized in the plain were the
Eyalet of Budim, the Eyalet of Egri, the
Eyalet of Sigetvar, and the Temeşvar Province, Ottoman Empire. The eastern parts of the plain belonged to semi-independent Principality of Transylvania, which was under Ottoman suzereignty.
The Pannonian Plain became the scene of clash of the two empires. At the end of the 17th century the Habsburgs won against the Ottomans, and most of the plain became Habsburg possession. The administrative units of the Habsburg Monarchy organized in the plain were the
Kingdom of Hungary, the
Banat of Temeswar, the Military Frontier, the Kingdom of Croatia, and the
Kingdom of Slavonia.
The Habsburg Monarchy was subsequently transformed into Austrian Empire (in 1804) and Austria-Hungary (in 1867). Most of the plain was located within the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, since all other Habsburg possessions in the plain were integrated into Kingdom of Hungary until 1882. The autonomous Kingdom of
Croatia-Slavonia, which was one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, comprised the south-western parts of the plain.
Since 1918, the region was divided between Hungary, Romania,
Czechoslovakia, Austria, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929).
Countries
Today the plain is divided among Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia,
Slovenia and
Ukraine. The
peripannonian lands are some areas around the Pannonian plain which are not elevated like the surrounding mountains (e.g.
Maribor Plain in Slovenia).
Division
The Pannonian plain is divided into two parts along the
Transdanubian Medium Mountains (Hungarian:
Dunántúli-középhegység). The northwestern part is called
Western Pannonian plain (or
province) and the southeastern part
Eastern Pannonian plain (or
province). They are comprised of the following sections:
- Western Pannonian Plain (province):
- Vienna Basin
- Little Hungarian Plain
- Eastern Pannonian Plain (province):
Note: The
Transylvanian Plateau and the Lučenec-Košice Depression (both parts of the Carpathians) and some other lowlands are sometimes also considered part of the Pannonian Plain in non-geomorphological or older divisions.
Regions
Relatively large or distinctive areas of the plain that do not necessarily correspond to national borders include:
- Bačka/Bácska (Serbia, Hungary)
- Šajkaška (Serbia)
- Telečka (region) (Serbia)
- Gornji Breg (region) (Serbia)
- Banat (Romania, Serbia, Hungary)
- Baranya (region)/Baranja (Hungary, Croatia)
- Burgenland (Neusiedler Basin), Austria
- Crişana (Romania)
- Jászság (Hungary)
- Kunság (Hungary)
- Little Hungarian Plain (Kisalföld/Malá dunajská kotlina - Hungary, Slovakia)
- Mačva (Serbia)
- Međimurje (Croatia)
- Moravia (part), Czech Republic
- Moslavina (Croatia)
- Podravina (Croatia, Hungary, around Drava river)
- Podunavlje (Serbia, Croatia, around Danube river)
- Pokuplje (Croatia, around Kupa river)
- Pomoravlje (region) (part), Serbia, around Morava rivers, Serbia river
- Pomorišje (Romania, Hungary, Serbia, around Mureş River river)
- Posavina (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, around Sava (river) river)
- Potisje (Serbia, around Tisa river)
- Prekmurje (Slovenia)
- Semberija (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Slavonia (Croatia)
- Syrmia/Syrmia (Serbia, Croatia)
- Transdanubia (Hungary)
- Vienna Basin (part), Austria
- Vojvodina (Serbia)
- several more inside Hungary, see: Counties of Hungary, Regions of Hungary
- several more inside Slovakia, see: Traditional regions of Slovakia, Regions of Slovakia
External links
- Körös Regional Archaeological Project: Neolithic and Copper Age archaeology in the Pannonian plain
, Hungary near the village of Rumenka, close to Novi Sad, SerbiaThe
Pannonian Plain is a large plain in
Central Europe that remained when the
Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. It is a geomorphology subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system.
The river Danube divides the plain roughly in half. The plain consists mainly of the
Great Hungarian Plain (in the south and east) and the
Little Hungarian Plain (in the northwest).
Terminology
Pannonian Plain is part of the somewhat larger geographical area referred to as the
Carpathian Basin (especially in Hungarian texts) or
Pannonian Basin (in South Slavic texts).
The name
Pannonian Plain can also refer to Serbian
Панонска низија, Panonska nizija, Croatian language
Panonska nizina and
slovenian language Panonska nižina, which are the traditional names for the lowland part of the Pannonian Basin in Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia.
Pannonian Plain in some sources is also used as a synonym of the Great Hungarian Plain.
Characteristics
The plain is roughly bounded by the Carpathian mountains, the
Alps, the Dinaric Alps and the Balkan mountains.
Although
rain is not plentiful, it usually falls when necessary and the plain is a major agriculture area; it is sometimes said that these fields of rich loamy
loess soil could feed the whole of Europe. For its early settlers, the plain offered few sources of metals or stone. Thus when archaeologists come upon objects of obsidian or chert, copper or gold, they have almost unparalleled opportunities to interpret ancient pathways of trade.
History
Pannonian Sea
Main article: Pannonian Sea
The precursor to the present plain was a shallow sea that reached its greatest extent during the Pliocene, when three to four kilometres of sediments were deposited.
History of the plain
The plain was named after the
Pannonians, a northern
Illyrians tribe. Various different peoples inhabited the plain during the history. In the first century BC, the eastern parts of the plain belonged to
Dacian state, and in the first century AD its western parts were included into Roman Empire. The Roman province named
Pannonia was established in the area, and the city of
Sirmium became one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire in the 3rd century.
In the
Age of Migrations and the early Middle Ages, the region belonged to several realms such as the
Huns, the
Gepids, the
Ostrogoths, the Lombards, the Eurasian Avars, the Slavic state of Samo, the
Bulgarian Empire, the
Franks, the Great Moravia, the
Balaton Principality, and the Pannonian Croatia.
The
Kingdom of Hungary established in 1000 by the
Magyars was centered around the plain and included almost all of it (as did the former Avar Kingdom as well). After the Battle of Mohács in 1526 the central and eastern parts of the plain were included into Ottoman Empire, and the remains of the Kingdom of Hungary in the north-west joined the
Habsburg Monarchy, where they were called Royal Hungary. The administrative units of the Ottoman Empire organized in the plain were the Eyalet of Budim, the Eyalet of Egri, the Eyalet of Sigetvar, and the Temeşvar Province, Ottoman Empire. The eastern parts of the plain belonged to semi-independent Principality of Transylvania, which was under Ottoman suzereignty.
The Pannonian Plain became the scene of clash of the two empires. At the end of the 17th century the Habsburgs won against the Ottomans, and most of the plain became Habsburg possession. The administrative units of the Habsburg Monarchy organized in the plain were the
Kingdom of Hungary, the Banat of Temeswar, the
Military Frontier, the Kingdom of Croatia, and the
Kingdom of Slavonia.
The Habsburg Monarchy was subsequently transformed into
Austrian Empire (in 1804) and Austria-Hungary (in 1867). Most of the plain was located within the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary, since all other Habsburg possessions in the plain were integrated into Kingdom of Hungary until 1882. The autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which was one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen, comprised the south-western parts of the plain.
Since 1918, the region was divided between
Hungary,
Romania,
Czechoslovakia,
Austria, and the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to
Yugoslavia in 1929).
Countries
Today the plain is divided among
Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic,
Hungary,
Romania,
Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia and
Ukraine. The
peripannonian lands are some areas around the Pannonian plain which are not elevated like the surrounding mountains (e.g. Maribor Plain in Slovenia).
Division
The Pannonian plain is divided into two parts along the Transdanubian Medium Mountains (Hungarian:
Dunántúli-középhegység). The northwestern part is called
Western Pannonian plain (or
province) and the southeastern part
Eastern Pannonian plain (or
province). They are comprised of the following sections:
- Western Pannonian Plain (province):
- Eastern Pannonian Plain (province):
- Great Hungarian Plain
- Pannonian Island Mountains (Serbian: Panonske ostrvske planine)
- Transdanubian Hills (Hungarian: Dunántúli-dombság)
- Drava-Mura lowlands
Note: The
Transylvanian Plateau and the
Lučenec-Košice Depression (both parts of the
Carpathians) and some other lowlands are sometimes also considered part of the Pannonian Plain in non-geomorphological or older divisions.
Regions
Relatively large or distinctive areas of the plain that do not necessarily correspond to national borders include:
- Bačka/Bácska (Serbia, Hungary)
- Banat (Romania, Serbia, Hungary)
- Baranya (region)/Baranja (Hungary, Croatia)
- Burgenland (Neusiedler Basin), Austria
- Crişana (Romania)
- Jászság (Hungary)
- Kunság (Hungary)
- Little Hungarian Plain (Kisalföld/Malá dunajská kotlina - Hungary, Slovakia)
- Mačva (Serbia)
- Međimurje (Croatia)
- Moravia (part), Czech Republic
- Moslavina (Croatia)
- Podravina (Croatia, Hungary, around Drava river)
- Podunavlje (Serbia, Croatia, around Danube river)
- Pokuplje (Croatia, around Kupa river)
- Pomoravlje (region) (part), Serbia, around Morava rivers, Serbia river
- Pomorišje (Romania, Hungary, Serbia, around Mureş River river)
- Posavina (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, around Sava (river) river)
- Potisje (Serbia, around Tisa river)
- Prekmurje (Slovenia)
- Semberija (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
- Slavonia (Croatia)
- Palača (region) (Croatia)
- Syrmia/Syrmia (Serbia, Croatia)
- Transdanubia (Hungary)
- Vienna Basin (part), Austria
- Vojvodina (Serbia)
- several more inside Hungary, see: Counties of Hungary, Regions of Hungary
- several more inside Slovakia, see: Traditional regions of Slovakia, Regions of Slovakia
External links
- Körös Regional Archaeological Project: Neolithic and Copper Age archaeology in the Pannonian plain
Pannonian Plain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Pannonian Plain is a large plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out. It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system.
Archaeopress Search Results
Archaeological Books ... BAR S1563 2006: Terra and Silva in the Pannonian Plain Opovo agro-gathering in the Late Neolithic by Ksenija Borojevic.
Pannonian - definition of Pannonian by the Free Online Dictionary ...
Pan·no·ni·a (p-n n-) An ancient Roman province of central Europe including ... Pannonian Plain Pannonian Principality Pannonian revolt: Pannonian revolt Pannonian revolt
Pannonian Basin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewhat different sense (meaning only the lowlands).
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Pannonian plain)
Table of Contents. 1 Characteristics; 2 Countries; 3 Division; 4 Regions; 5 Pannonian sea; 6 See also; 7 External links; The Pannonian plain is a large plain in central/south ...
Pannonian revolt definition of Pannonian revolt in the Free Online ...
Pannonia (pănō`nēə), ancient Roman province, central Europe, southwest of the ... Pannonian Plain Pannonian Principality Pannonian revolt Pannonian Rusyn Pannonian Rusyn language
Archaeopress - British Archaeological Reports
Archaeological Books ... All BAR books and a full list of available titles can be ordered from:
Reference for Pannonian Plain - Search.com
Pannonian Plain ... Wikipedia. Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Are you an expert in this subject?
Pannonian - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Pannonian
Ancient region in central Europe, bounded on the north by the River Danube, on the ... Pannonian Plain Pannonian Principality Pannonian revolt: Pannonian revolt Pannonian revolt
Pannonian definition of Pannonian in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Pannonia (pănō`nēə), ancient Roman province, central Europe, southwest of the ... Pannonian Plain Pannonian Principality Pannonian revolt: Pannonian revolt Pannonian revolt